三、法律英语的文体特点之三:句法结构特点
3.1 陈述句的使用
众所周知,根据句子的使用目的的不同,英语句子可以分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类。由于法律文书是用来确认法律关系,贯彻法律条令,规定人们的权利和义务以及陈述案件的事实的专用公文,所以法律英语的基本句式通常是陈述句结构。
(12) The Arbitration Commission
has one honorary Chairman and
several
advisers.仲裁委员会设名誉主任一人,顾问若干人。
(13)The Chairman performs the
functions and duties vested by
him by these Rules and the
Vice-Chairman may perform the
Chairman’s functions and duties
with Chairman’s
authorization.主任履行本规则赋予的职责,副主任受主任的委托可以履行主任的职责。
(14)The arbitration tribunal
shall hold oral hearings when
examining a case.仲裁庭应当开庭审理案件。
以上三例句都是使用陈述句句式,来规定仲裁委员会的设立,主任、副主任的职责,对仲裁案件的审理,这种直接用陈述句表述的方法,可以使人们对法律的规定一目了然。
3.2 完整句的使用
由于法律文书结构的完整性和表意的严密性,在法律英语句子的使用中,一般采用主语、谓语都具备的完全主谓句,即完整句,通常不使用省略句或单部句,以免造成因省略或句子缺省而出现歧义讹误,甚至被人任意歪曲。
(15) “Invention” in the Patent
Law means any new technical
solution relating to a product,
a process or an improvement
thereof. “Utility Model” in the
Patent Law means any new
technical solution relating to
the shape, the structure, or
their combination, of a product,
which is fit for practical use.
“Design” in the Patent Law means
any new design of the shape,
pattern, colour, or their
combination, of a product, which
creates an aesthetic feeling and
is fit for industrial
application.
专利法所称发明,是指对产品,方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案。专利法所称实用新型,是指对产品的形状,构成或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术方案。专利法所称外观设计,是指对产品的形状,图案,色彩或者结合所做出的富有美感并适合于工业上应用的新设计。
通过例句我们知道,尽管在使用法律英语表述专利法中所指的发明,实用新型和外观设计的法律规定上,句型结构完全相同,谓语都使用了一般现在时动词means,但是却没有象我们在普通英语中那样,相同部分采用承前省略结构的形式,而是不厌其烦地一次又一次地使用完全主谓句结构,以体现法律英语语言的严谨性和规范性,这样就能有效地将法律文书所要表述的内容完整地体现出来。
3.3 长句的使用
法律英语的句法特点是和法律英语的文体特征密切相联的,正式的法律条规和文本中由于对中心词的限定过多,对某一法律概念成立的条件限定很多,所以法律英语的长句居多,短句少,引语少。下面的这个句子就很长。
(16)If the bill of lading
contains particulars concerning
the general mature, leading
marks, number of packages or
pieces, weight or quantity of
the goods which the carrier or
other person issuing the bill of
lading on his behalf knows or
has reasonal grounds to suspect
do not accurately represent the
goods actually taken over or,
where a shipped bill of lading
issued, loaded, or if he had no
reasonable means of checking
such particulars, the carrier or
such other person must insert in
the bill of lading a reservation
specifying these inaccuracies,
grounds of suspicion of the
absence of reasonable means of
checking.如果承运人或代其签发提单的其它人确知或者有合理的根据怀疑提单所载有关货物的品类、主要标志、包数或件数、重量或数量等项目没有准确地表示实际接管的货物,或在签发“已装船”提单的情况下,没有准确地表示实际装船的货物,或者他无适当的方法来核对这些项目,则承运人或该其他人必须在提单上做出保留,说明不符之处,怀疑根据,或无适当的核对方法。
这是一句取自《联合国一九七八年海上货物运输公约》中有关提单的条款,仅英语词汇就有102个,这种长句情况在法律英语文体中随处可见。
造成法律英语在句子结构上联绵不断和盘根错节的长句结构的原因主要有:
3.3.1状语分句的使用
法律文书中关于义务部分的陈述是至关重要的,它是享受权利的前提和条件。在法律英语中关于义务的陈述表现在句子结构上,往往使用条件状语分句或让步状语分句,从而成为法律英语长句多的主要原因。
(17)If two or more applicants
apply for registration of
identical or similar trademarks
for the same kind of goods or
similar goods, the trademark
whose registration was first
applied for shall be given
preliminary examination and
approval and shall be publicly
announced; if the applicants are
filed on the same day, the
trademark which was first used
shall be given preliminary
examination and approval and
shall be publicly announced, and
the applications of the others
shall be rejected and shall not
be publicly
announced.两个或者两个以上的申请人,在同一种商品或者类似商品上,以相同或者近似的商标申请注册的,初步审定并公告申请在先的商标;同一天申请的,初步审定并公告使用在先的商标,驳回其他人的申请,不予公告。
例句表明在法律英语中,用来表述先规定条件然后确定权利的基本句型一般可以归纳为:If
X, then Y shall be Z或If X, then
Y shall do
Z结构,这种由条件状语分句造成的法律英语长句的特征是法律英语句子结构的一个基本骨架。在法律英语中除了If
…引导的条件状语分句外,还常常使用由Whereas
…,Provided that …,Where …, When
…等引导的状语分句。
(18)When a party assigns, wholly
or in part, its contractual
rights and obligations to a
third party, it must obtain the
consent of the other
party.当事人一方将合同权利和义务的全部或者部分转让给第三人的,应当取得另一方的同意。
(19) Where using other’s
registered trademarks has been
permitted, the names of the
licensee and the production
place of the commodity must be
marked in the commodity using
the registered
trademark.经许可使用注册商标的,必须在使用该注册商标的商品上标明被许可人的名称和商品产地。
3.3.2 关系分句的使用
法律英语中的长句的形成不仅来源于句首冗长而复杂的状语分句,也体现在句子内部起修饰、限制作用的各种关系分句中。
(20)Whoever selling deliberately
a commodity whose registered
trademark is falsely used, which
constitutes a crime, in addition
to making compensation for the
losses suffered by the party
whose right has been infringed
shall be investigated for the
criminal responsibility
according to
law.销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品,构成犯罪的,除赔偿被侵权人的损失外,依法追究刑事责任。该例句内部有由关系代词whose引导的两个限定性关系分句分别修饰和限制名词a
commodity和the
party,另外还有关系代词which引导的非限定性关系分句,修饰前面所指的内容,因此造成长句和句子结构的复杂性。
3.3.3综合复杂句的使用
法律英语中除了一方面在句首使用状语分句,另一方面在句子的内部使用层层限制修饰的关系分句外,还大量地使用由状语分句和关系分句以及其他一些分句构成的综合复杂句,以达到准确、严密和不产生歧义的目的。
(21)Where a foreigner, enterprise
applies for trademark
registration in China, the
matter shall be handled in
accordance with any agreement
concluded between the country to
which the applicant belongs and
the People’s Republic of China,
or any international treaty to
which both countries are
parties, or on the basis of the
principle of
reciprocity.外国人或者外国企业在中国申请商标注册的,应当按其所属国和中华人民共和国签订的协议或者共同参加的国际条约办理,或者按对等原则办理。
例句中除在句首使用了由Where…,引导的状语分句外,句中还有由介词to+关系代词which引导的两个关系分句,更增加了该句子的复杂性,反映了法律英语句子步步为营、层层设防的特点,从而达到了表述严谨,语意严密的效果。
3.4 定语从句
法律英语较之普通英语更准确,限定更严谨所以限定性定语从句,这一必不可少的定语运用得比较普遍,而作为补充、说明、解释性的非限制性定语从句用得比较少。我们现在来观察以下例句。
(22) As a lawyer, your goal is to
convert the facts from your
client’s narrative into a legal
claim that states a cause of
action, or into a viable defense
to plausible legal
claims.作为一名律师,你的目的就是将当事人之陈述变为表明案由的合法要求,或变为对似乎可能的合法要求的活的辩护。(限制性定语从句)
(23)Questions concerning matters
governed by this convention
which are not expressly settled
in it are to be settled in
conformity with the general
principles on which it is based
or, in the absence of such
principles, in conformity with
the law applicable by virtue of
the rules of private
international law.
凡本公约未明确解决的属于本公约范围的问题,应按照本公约所依据的一般原则来解决,在没有一般原则的情况下,则应按照国际私法规定适用的法律来解决。(限制性定语从句)
(24)The accused has the right to
defense, which is guaranteed by
the
constitution.被告人有辩护权,这一辩护权受到宪法的保障。(非限制性定语从句)
(25)All facts that prove the true
circumstances of a case were
evidence.证明案件真实情况的一切事实都是证据。(限制性定语从句)
3.5 条件状语从句与虚拟语气
法律英语的正式条文法规中,一般只采用有条件的,符合逻辑推理的,能出现或产生真实结果的条件状语从句,而很少使用虚拟语气的句子,但虚拟语气的句子有时候也出现在律师的陈述与辩状及案情的推测中。
(26) If I have a right, another
person or persons must be under
a duty to recognize and respect
that right.
如果我享有一项权利,则他人就必须承担承认并尊重该项权利的义务。(真实条件)
(27) In our judicial procedure,
if a party concerned contests
the court’s decision of first
instance,hhe may file and appeal
to the court at the next higher
level.在我国审判程序中,如果当事人一方不服初审法院的判决,可以向上一级法院提出上诉。(真实条件)
(28) If Murmansk’s claim to the
ship was upheld, Wally Edwards
would get none of the
$100,000,and might be stuck for
$14,000 in
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